Battery reactions and Chemistry
In any battery, an electrochemical reaction occurs such as described in the previous page. Reaction it moves electrons from one pole to the other. The actual metals and electrolytes used control the voltage of the battery - each different other reactions have a characteristic voltage. For example, this is what happens to a cell of kotse's lead-acid battery:
- The cell is a plate made of lead and another plate made of lead dioxide, with a strong sulfuric acid electrolyte to the plates are immersed.
- Lead combines with SO4 (sulfate) to create PbSO4 (lead sulfate), plus an electron.
- Lead dioxide, hydrogen ions and SO4 ions, including electrons from the lead plate, and water works PbSO4 lead dioxide plate.
- As the battery discharges, both plates build up PbSO4 and water builds up in acid. The characteristic voltage is about 2 volts per cell, so combined with the six cell with a 12-volt battery.
A lead-acid battery is a good feature - the reaction is completely reversible. If you apply current to the battery at the right voltage, lead and lead dioxide form again in the plates so you can once again the battery. In a zinc-carbon battery, there is no easy way to reverse the reaction because there is no easy way to get hydrogen gas back to the electrolyte.
Modern battery Chemistry
Modern batteries use various chemicals to power their reactions. Common battery chemistries include:
- Zinc-carbon battery - Also known as a standard battery carbon, sim-carbon chemistry is used in all the cheap AA, C and D dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between of it that serves as the electrolyte.
- Alkaline battery - alkaline chemistry is used in common Duracell and Energizer batteries, The electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte.
- Lithium-iodide battery - Lithium-iodide chemistry is used in pacemakers and hearing aides for their long life.
- Lead-acid battery - Lead-acid chemistry is used in vehicles, the electrodes are made of lead and lead-oxide with a strong acidic electrolyte (rechargeable).
- Nickel-cadmium battery - The electrodes are nickel-hydroxide and cadmium, with potassium-hydroxide as the electrolyte (rechargeable).
- Nickel-metal hydride battery - This battery is rapidly replacing nickel-cadmium because It does not suffer from memory effect that nickel-cadmiums I (rechargeable).
- battery "> Lithium-ion battery - With a high power-to-weight ratio, is often found in high-end title = "Laptop battery"> laptop computer battery and phone battery "> mobile phone battery (rechargeable).
- Zinc-air battery - This battery is lightweight and rechargeable.
- Zinc-mercury oxide battery - This is often used in hearing-aid.
- Silver-zinc battery - This is used in aeronautical applications because the power-to-weight ratio is good.
As you can see, some of them are rechargeable battery. What does a rechargeable battery? In the next section, we'll check out how rechargeable batteries work.
Sara Watkins' first video blog
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